Document Type : Original Article
Authors
Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University
Abstract
Highlights
Conclusion
Additional monitoring, robust preventative measures, and the implementation of infection-control procedures are required to stop creeping carbapenem resistance among pseudomonas strains. For all isolates, molecular validation by PCR of various carbapenemase manufacturers is necessary in addition to standard phenotypic methods for identifying carbapenemases production in order to identify the hidden genes. The most efficient treatment policies must also be determined for each area through a regular observation programs.
Keywords
Main Subjects
Introduction
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative aerobic, extensively spread bacteria that can live in hospitals and on a range of surfaces [1]. It is an opportunistic pathogen that accounts for 10–20% of nosocomial infections, including cystic fibrosis, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, burn infections, and wound infections[2]. It can also cause bacteremia and sepsis in intensive care units.
P. aeruginosa that is multidrug resistant (MDR) is resistant to at least three anti-pseudomonal antibiotics (quinolones, aminoglycosides, carbapenems, and penicillin/cephalosporin)[3].
Due to the organism's intrinsic resistance to numerous antibiotic classes and its ability to develop resistance to all potent antimicrobial medications, MDR P. aeruginosa is becoming a significant health concern [4].
P. aeruginosa produces metallo-lactamases (MβLs) enzymes, including IMP (imipenem active), which give rise to a variety of mechanisms of resistance against carbapenems. by creating the metallo-lactamases (MβLs) enzymes, particularly the IMP (imipenem activemetallo-lactamase) and VIM (Verona integron-encoded metallo-lactamase) [5, 6].
Ambler classes A, B, and D are mentioned in relation to carbapenemase resistance [7,8], although MβL VIM and IMP are classified as Ambler B. Ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) and sodium mercapto-acetic acid (SMA) inhibit MβLs, whereas β-lactase inhibitors such clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam had no effect on MLs [9].
The purpose of this study was to find out how frequently P. aeruginosa strains isolated from patients at Minia university hospitals included the bla-IMP gene.
Material and methods
Isolation and identification P. aeruginosa
The 40 pseudomonas species used in this study were obtained from clinical specimens sent to the Minia University hospitals' microbiology unit for culture and sensitivity testing between June 2018 and September 2018. The following procedures were applied to all isolates:
- Routine culture on blood and MacConkey agar media for 24-48 hours incubation at 37°C. Then identification and AST was done using (VITEK-2, bioMérieux - France).
- All Carbapenems (Imipenem and Meropenem) resistant pseudomonas isolates were preserved for evaluation of bla-IMP gene expression using PCR.
- DNA extraction was done using (Promega Co., USA) kits following the manufacturer’s protocol.
- PCR detection: particular primer created from (bla-IMP): Reverse primer: (5'-AAC CAG TTT TGC CTT ACC AT-3'), forward primer: (5'-CTA CCG CAG CAG AGT CTT TG-3'). (Germany's Operant Co.) [10].
The primer pair (5'-ATGGAAATGCTGAAATTCGGC-3') and (5'-CTTCTTCAGCTCGACGCGACG-3') was
chosen as a reference for our research in order to amplify conserved portions of a target gene in P. aeruginosa and produce an identifiable PCR amplicon (500 bp) by gel electrophoresis.
Statistical analysis
The means and standard deviations of the numerical data were used to express them. Frequencies and percentages were used to express the qualitative data.
Results
40 Pseudomonas isolates from clinical specimens admitted to the microbiology unit at Minia university hospitals were used in this study, and they were dispersed based on the type of specimens as shown in the table (1).
Table (1): Pseudomonas distribution by specimen type:
|
Types of specimens |
No. (%) |
|
Wound swab |
6(15%) |
|
Sputum |
2(5%) |
|
Urine Culture |
24(60%) |
|
Blood culture |
8(420%) |
|
Total |
40 |
Table (2): Antibiotic resistance pattern of isolated Pseudomonas spp.:
|
Antibiotic |
Resistant |
Sensitive |
|
No. (%) |
No. (%) |
|
|
Meropenem |
26 (65%) |
14 (35%) |
|
Imipenem |
25(62.5%) |
15 (37.5%) |
|
Cefazolin |
30 (75%) |
10 (25%) |
|
Cefepime |
24 (60%) |
16 (40%) |
|
Amikacin |
24 (60%) |
16 (40%) |
|
Gentamicin |
22 (55%) |
18 (45%) |
|
Ciprofloxacin |
24 (60%) |
16 (40%) |
|
Levofloxacin |
22 (55%) |
18 (45%) |
|
Ceftazidime |
28 (70%) |
12 (30%) |
|
Colistin |
0 (100%) |
40 (0%) |
Table (3): Distribution of carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas
isolates according to the type of specimens
|
Types of specimens |
No. (%) |
|
Wound swab |
4 (15.4%) |
|
Urine |
22 (84.6%) |
|
Total |
26 |
Table (4): Antibiotic resistance pattern of the carbapenem resistant isolates:
|
Antibiotic |
Resistant |
Sensitive |
|
No. (%) |
No. (%) |
|
|
Cefepime |
20 (76.9%) |
6 (23.1%) |
|
Amikacin |
18 (69.2%) |
8 (30.7%) |
|
Ciprofloxacin |
20 (76.9%) |
6 (23.1%) |
|
Levofloxacin |
11 (42.3%) |
15 (57.7%) |
|
Cefotaxime |
24 (92.3%) |
2 (7.6%) |
|
Ceftazidime |
26 (100%) |
0 (0%) |
|
Colistin |
0 (0%) |
26 (100%) |
In this study, the resistance pattern of bla-IMP gene was expressed in 30% of all isolates representing about 46% of carbapenem resistant strains.
Figure (1): bla-IMP gene PCR detection on agarose gel electrophoresis.
Samples in lanes (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) tested positive for the bla-IMP gene.
Discussion
MDR P. aeruginosa is regarded as a serious issue, and a variety of antibiotics were used, including piperacillin-tazobactam, third-generation cephalosporin (ceftazidime), fourth-generation cephalosporin (cefepime), carbape-nems (imipenem and meropenem), amino-glycosides (amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin), fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and levofloxacin), monobactam (aztreonam), and colistin [11]. Particularly with imipenem, the antibiotic resistance pattern in pseudomonas slacks off quickly [12]. When treating MDR P. aeruginosa, carbapenems (such as imipenem and meropenem) are frequently utilized as a last option [13]. Antibiotic resistance to carbapenems is thought to be primarily caused by the production or acquisition of MβL genes (such as IMP and VIM) [14, 15].
The infection control practises and strategies followed in hospitals influence the MβLs that produce P.aeruginosa in Egypt [16]. According to the current study, Carbapenem resistance was observed in 65% of P. aeruginosa clinical isolates against (imipenem and meropenem). These outcomes were comparable to those reported by Rehab Mousa et al.,[17] who reported 69% of her isolates. In our study, P. aeruginosa had a 62.5% imipenem resistance rate and a 65% meropenem resistance rate. According on regional antibiotic policies, strain origin, and geographic location, carbapenem resistance rates can change.
In this work, bla-IMP gene was expressed in 30% of all pseudomonas isolates representing about 46% of carbapenem resistant strains.
Al-Agamy et al., discovered that 34% of his pseudomonas strains had carbapenem resis-tance, and roughly 22% of these isolates developed MBLs [18]. On the other hand, our findings contradict a research from Iran that claimed that only 8 (9.75%) of P. aeruginosa isolates that produced MBL were positive for bla-IMP [19]. And about 70 (70%) of the 100 imipenem-resistant pseudomonas isolates in a study conducted in Iran were identified to produce MBLs [20]. In order to provide suitable targeted therapy and prevent the nosocomial transmission of these resistant strains, it was crucial to discover MBL-producing isolates [21].
According to the results of the current work, several P. aeruginosa isolates showed varying degrees of resistance to aminoglycosides, including Amikacin and Gentamicin, with percentages of 60% and 55%, respectively. Similar to the current findings, earlier studies from Iran confirmed the high frequencies of P. aeruginosa resistance to aminoglycosides (gentamycin, amikacin) [22].
According to the current study, there was 60% and 55%, respectively, resistance to levo-floxacin and ciprofloxacin. These findings were in contrast to those made by Al.Fahadawi et al., in their study on pseudomonas isolates that showed good efficacy against ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, where the percentages of sensitivity and resistance were, respectively, (85.3%, 76.5%) and (11.8%, 17.6%) [23]. In contrast, El-Badawy et al., showed that 42.4% of his isolates had at least one resistance against one quinolone antibiotic[24]. While P. aeru-ginosa isolates were demonstrated to be responsive to ciprofloxacin by Corona-Nakamura et al., [25] .The global spread of P. aeruginosa MDR strains may be to blame for this variation.
One of the polymyxin class of antibiotics, colistin exhibits a broad spectrum of activity against the majority of Gram-negative bacteria. Colistin is increasingly often utilized in clinical settings, particularly for MDR P. aeruginosa. According to CLSI [26] colistin has a sensitive breakpoint of ≤ 2 mg/L and a resistant breakpoint of ≥ 4 mg/L against P. aeruginosa. Intriguingly, colistin proved to be the most effective antibiotic in our research because it was shown to be sensitive to all of the 26 isolates we tested for carbapenem resistance.
Conflict of interest
No conflicts of interest exist, according to the authors, with the publishing of this paper.
References
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